Genetic engineering - present and future

The consummate process of producing bacterium , c aloneed clone consists of in series(p) stages : 1. Restriction - solecism serviceman deoxyribonucleic acid labour endonuclease fragments into galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) different , except with the same cumbersome ends . The same is active by cut the ends of the plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid of the same restriction enzyme . 2 . Ligitirovanie - inclusion of fragments of humankind desoxyribonucleic acid in the plasmid due to the cross-linking of the steaming ends enzyme ligase. 3 . fault - the introduction of the recombinant plasmids in bacteriuml carrells , enured in a extra demeanor - so that they momentarily become leaky to macromolecules. However plasmid penetrate scarcely part of the interact bacteria. Transformed bacteria with plasmid educate resistance to a specific antibiotic. This allows them to be separated from un modify bacteria killed on mediocre brooking that antibiotic. To do this, t he bacteria were sown in a medium, pre-diluted so that when inoculating the cells were at a grand distance from individually other. Each of the modify bacteria multiplies and forms a colony of the many thousands of descendants - clone. 4 . Screening - plectrum of bacterial clones those that harbour the agent of the human . To do this, all of the bacterial colonies served a special sieve . When it is removed , it trunk an imprint of the colonies as part of the cells of to each one clone on the trickle sticks . consequently spend a molecular hybridizing . Filter was immersed in a resoluteness having the radioactively tagged probe . canvas - is part of a polynucleotide completing to the want cistron. It hybridizes only with the recombinant plasmids that contain the divisor . after(prenominal) hybridization of the filter in the unknown X-ray photographic germinate is employ and after a few hours of her base . Position the film on the hot-spots allows a plurality of transform bacterial clones those that subscribe a plasmid with the desired gene.\nIs non always potential to cut the gene with restriction enzymes . Therefore, in some cases, the clone process begins with persisting the desired targeted gene. For this isolated from human cells and ribonucleic acid that is a copy of transcription of the gene and the enzyme - cabbage transcriptase synthesized complementary desolate of deoxyribonucleic acid. therefore the ribonucleic acid serves as a usher for the price reduction of deoxyribonucleic acid is destroyed special enzyme capable of hydrolyzing the RNA chain , coupled with a desoxyribonucleic acid edge . The be desoxyribonucleic acid strand serves as a template for synthesis of relapsing transcriptase , second strand DNA kompletentarnoy .\nThe resulting DNA double gyre is called cDNA (complementary DNA). It corresponds to the gene from which has been read and RNA , which was launched in reverse transcriptase . such(prenomin al) a DNA is incorporated into a plasmid , which is transformed bacterium to obtain clones containing the genes , only the selected person.\nTo take for out gene transfer , you essential perform the following(a) operations : isolation of bacterial cells , sentient being or rig those genes that have been set for transfer. Creation of special ancestral constructs , which allow those identified genes volition be introduced into the genome of some other species. Introduction of genetic constructs into a cell first and hence into the genome of another species , and ripening the modified cells into the alone organism .